Euro et degré de corporatisme dans la négociation salariale : Un effet club ?

Cet article construit, puis compare le degré de corporatisme de la négociation salariale avant et après le Traité de Maastricht (1992) pour neufs pays européens, ce traité modifiant durablement le policy mix à l’échelle européenne. Il ressort un clivage important selon que les pays appartiennent ou non à la zone euro. Ces derniers sont certes également caractérisés par un processus de décentralisation de la négociation salariale, mais celui-ci a été surcompensé par le renforcement de principes de coordination : intervention accrue du gouvernement, coordination verticale des partenaires sociaux plus forte, application plus large du résultat de la négociation. Outre la nécessité d’adapter le processus de formation des salaires aux éventuels chocs asymétriques, il semble que cette évolution du degré de corporatisme ait été stimulée par la lutte contre l’externalité budgétaire, variable stratégique pour les pays de la zone euro depuis Maastricht.We try to mesure and to compare the degree of corporatism of wage bargaining before and after Maastricht Treaty (1992) for nine european countries, supposing that this treaty has changed policy mix and capability of these countries to face shocks. We observe an opposition between countries inside and outside Euro Zone. The first one seems to be more tempted by decentralization of wage bargaining. The other one has introduced decentralization but also more coordination mecanisms at different levels : state, between social partners, enlargement of result of wage barganing… If it seems necessary to adapt wage bargaining to answer to asymetric shocks, we think that this change is also linked with the objective of budgetary equilibrium in european countries since Maastricht Treaty

Taming Friedrich-Wintgen interference in resonant metasurface: vortex laser emitting at on-demand tilted-angle

Friedrich-Wintgen (FW) interference is an atypical coupling mechanism that grants loss exchange between leaky resonances in non-Hermitian classical and quantum systems. Intriguingly, such an mechanism makes it possible for destructive interference scenario in which a radiating wave becomes a bound state in the continuum (BIC) by giving away all of its losses. Here we propose and demonstrate experimentally an original concept to tailor FW-BICs as polarization singularity at on-demand wavevectors in optical metasurface. As a proof-of-concept, using hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite as active material, we empower this novel polarization singularity to obtain lasing emission exhibiting both highly directional emission at oblique angles and polarization vortex in momentum space. Our results pave the way to steerable coherent emission with tailored polarization pattern for applications in optical communication/manipulation in free-space, high-resolution imaging /focusing and data storage

Les risques sociaux des LBO : un point de vue syndical

Banking system and private equity/LBO risk French banks have been intimately involved with the domestic and European expansion of the private equity industry in recent years and have become key players in the selection, preparation and financing of the top LBO deals. The current context of the financial crisis highlights, for those who might still be in the dark, the sources of risk this activity poses for the banking sector. This article begins by reviewing the characteristics of LBOs and presents the role French banks play in this market, then analyses the various risks associated with this activity. Lastly, it presents the characteristics of the new Basel II regulatory framework and its expected benefits, primarily from the implementation of a more precise measure on incurred risks and higher demands for bank disclosures, with a view to enhancing market discipline. JEL Classification : G21, G24, G28Les LBO sont un outil de prise de contrôle des entreprises qui s’est développé avec la financiarisation de l’économie. Le cash flow de l’entreprise visée permet alors de payer les intérêts de la dette contractée par le fonds de LBO, donc de financer l’effet de levier. Ceci se traduit parfois par une restructuration de l’entreprise, menant à une rupture du contrat implicite avec les travailleurs (intensification du travail), voire la rupture des contrats de travail (plans sociaux). Bien que le nouvel environnement financier (crise des subprimes) devrait ralentir leur progression, la CFDT souhaite que se développe un nouveau rapport salarial entre salariés, dirigeants et actionnaires. Cela nécessite donc de repenser l’action syndicale mais aussi de développer la sensibilité sociale des fonds d’investissement notamment via la RSE. Classification JEL : G24, G34, J51Bonnand Gaby, Mermet Emmanuel. Les risques sociaux des LBO : un point de vue syndical . In: Revue d'économie financière, n°93, 2008. Les fonds de private equity pp. 115-124

Dissertation sur cette question : le génie est-il au-dessus de toutes règles ? par M. Mermet,...

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Éloge de Louis XVI, de glorieuse mémoire... : roi de France et de Navarre, proclamé, en 1789, le restaurateur de la liberté française, et mis à mort le 21 janvier 1793... / par M. l'abbé Mermet,...

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Stress-driven method bio-inspired by long bone structure for mechanical part mass reduction by removing geometry at macro and cell-unit scales

Mass reduction is a main issue in mechanical design. Over millions of years, Nature had to face this issue. Nature came up with an efficient solution using a stress-driven structure to reduce the mass of bones while saving their mechanical performances. This optimized structure is used in several species and persists throughout Evolution. Thus, it may be considered as optimal for this issue. In this article, a method bio-inspired from both bone medullar cavity and trabecular structure is proposed to reduce the mass of parts subjected to mechanical stresses. The objective of this method is to provide high mass reduction, just like bone does. First, the method removes iteratively unloaded areas of material from the mechanical part to mimic the medullar cavity structure. Second, a final mass reduction is done integrating small holes bio-inspired from trabecular structure in the remaining material. An experimental validation was carried out on a torsion disc and provided a 60% mass reduction. Using this mass reduction rate, the topology optimization method was used to define a standard geometry to evaluate the mechanical performances of the proposed method. Experimental results highlight that regarding torsional stiffness, the bio-inspired part is 27% stiffer than the standard one. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Stress-driven method bio-inspired by long bone structure for mechanical part mass reduction by removing geometry at macro and cell-unit scales

International audienceMass reduction is a main issue in mechanical design. Over millions of years, Nature had to face this issue.Nature came up with an efficient solution using a stress-driven structure to reduce the mass of bones whilesaving their mechanical performances. This optimized structure is used in several species and persiststhroughout Evolution. Thus, it may be considered as optimal for this issue. In this article, a method bio-inspired from both bone medullar cavity and trabecular structure is proposed to reduce the mass of partssubjected to mechanical stresses. The objective of this method is to provide high mass reduction, just likebone does. First, the method removes iteratively unloaded areas of material from the mechanical part tomimic the medullar cavity structure. Second, a final mass reduction is done integrating small holes bio-inspired from trabecular structure in the remaining material. An experimental validation was carried out on atorsion disc and provided a 60% mass reduction. Using this mass reduction rate, the topology optimizationmethod was used to define a standard geometry to evaluate the mechanical performances of the proposedmethod. Experimental results highlight that regarding torsional stiffness, the bio-inspired part is 27% stifferthan the standard on